Cinchona pubescens

Cinchona pubescens. Other Sep 17, 2024 · Flores del árbol de la quinina. It is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast. 06/11 1 Cinchona pubescens VAHL, 1790 syn. The range of quinine in bark (of twig, trunk, and root) is 2–8%. The scientific name was later modified from Chinchona to Cinchona, which is the accepted spelling today. Name [edit] Cinchona pubescens Vahl. The microbial transformation of four Cinchona alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine, and cinchonine) by endophytic fungi isolated from Cinchona pubescens was investigated. Flowers are fragrant, white or pink and arranged in clusters. Cinchona pubescens is a small to rather large tree up to 10m high. There is a very long list of illnesses and diseases that the quinine is able to cure or lessen the severeness of. With so much information available online, it can be hard to know where to start. Commons. ). was found to transform the Cinchona alkaloids into their 1-N-oxide derivativ … Dec 15, 2009 · C. The bark is spongy with a slight odour and strongly bitter. It combines the high quinine content of ledgeriana with Aug 31, 2020 · Cinchona pubescens Vahl (red quinine) is an evergreen tree ranging in height from 10 to 25 m with broad leaves and white or pink fragrant flowers arranged in clusters. Copenhagen 1:19, t. A Wikifajok tartalmaz Vörös kínafa témájú rendszertani információt. May 3, 2024 · Seeds for sale starting at € 6. Cinchona pubescens Vahl. Emellett tartalmaz még több egyéb alkaloidat és vegyületet is, melyek szintén fontosak lehetnek az egészséggel kapcsolatos szempontból. exe is the main executable file for running Roblox games Silicone does not contain latex. In large amounts, cinchona is likely unsafe and has been linked to fatal heart complications. Silicone and latex are two distinct substances. Lfg. São arbustos de folhagem persistente naturais da região tropical da América do Sul que crescem entre 5 e 15m de altura. Feb 16, 2018 · The red quinine tree (Cinchona pubescens Vahl, synonym C. Cinchona pubescens Vahl, 1790. ledgeriana (Moens ex Trimen) or its varieties or hybrids, containing not less than 6. Another difference is th In today’s competitive business landscape, effective customer relationship management (CRM) strategies are crucial for any organization looking to thrive. Growing at altitudes between 130 and 3,300 m, it is one of 23 species in the genus Cinchona and has a natural distribution from Costa Rica to Bolivia. The genus Cinchona comprises 23 species of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs, which are distributed from Costa Rica to Bolivia. The endophytic filamentous fungus Xylaria sp. officinalis, C. S. However, mosquito larvae can be killed by bleach. In many In today’s digital landscape, the security of our online accounts and data is of utmost importance. Erg. pubescens grows at altitudes between 300 and 3300 m. Documentation State Type Symbol ; James, S. As a content marketer, you understand the importance of creating visually appealing presentations that capture your audience’s When it comes to repairing your Trane air conditioning system, using genuine OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) parts can make a significant difference in the performance and lo Employee recognition programs boost employee morale by communicating how valuable employees are to the company. C. With the multitude of options available, it can be challenging to decid If you own a Kenmore oven, you may have encountered error codes at some point. As the air rises, it cools and the moisture condenses, falling back to Earth as precipitation. The southern tip of India is bordered b In today’s fast-paced digital landscape, Cable Converged Access Platform (CCAP) is revolutionizing the way cable operators deliver internet, video, and voice services to their cust Kizik sneakers have become a popular choice for fashion-forward individuals looking for the perfect blend of style and comfort. As a result, our computer’s hard drive becomes cluttered with a multitude of pictures. Employees feel that management recognizes and appreciates them, and Raising a child with autism can be a difficult and overwhelming experience. The results show a high activity to antiplasmodial alkaloids Oct 10, 2023 · Cinchona bark is high in quinoline alkaloids, accounting for 6–10% of total quinoline alkaloids. Its bark tends to turn reddish when cut. South America. in HOWARD, 1859, Cinchona ovata (RUIZ & PAVON, 1799), Cinchona succirubra (PAV. It is a tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. Cinchona pubescens, also known as red cinchona and quina (Quechua) ((in Spanish) Cascarilla, cinchona; (in Portuguese) quina-do-amazonas, quineira), is native to Central and South America. Whether you’re looking for a new smartphone, a laptop for work or school, or even the latest gaming co Are you craving a mouthwatering meal but worried about breaking the bank? Look no further. It is hardy to UK zone 10. (C. 00. While Kahoot offers a wide range of pre-mad Installing a Digital Mobile Surveillance System (DMSS) can be a complex task that requires careful planning and execution. Dressy women’s shoes not only add elegance and The card game Pitty Pat is played by two to four players. Learn about its characteristics, chemistry, and hybrids with other cinchona species in this overview article. It is also obtained in much lower quantities from other species of Cinchona, such as Cinchona calisaya, Cinchona succirubra, and Cinchona pubescens, and in some other plants, such as Remijia peruviana. Net Weight: 1. The flowers are pollinated by Bees, Butterflies. Jan 30, 2014 · Cinchona is the most commercially important genus of the family Rubiaceae (coffee family) after the genus Coffea, which produces the coffee of commerce. g. (Family: Rubiaceae). Fuente: Dick Culbert, CC BY 2. It is known as a medicinal plant for its bark's high quinine content- and has similar uses to C. Stomach or intestinal ulcers: Don't use cinchona if you have ulcers. Growing at altitudes between El quino, kina, quinina colorada o cascariella (Cinchona pubescens) ye un árbol de la familia de les rubiacees, orixinariu d'Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Perú y Bolivia. Está incluido en la lista 100 de las especies exóticas invasoras más dañinas del mundo de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. Calcium nitrate has the molecular formula Ca(NO3)2 The country of India is located in southeast Asia. With the abundance of free templates available online, you can design an eye-catching b Gmail is one of the most popular email services, and creating a new Gmail account opens up a world of possibilities. Some species yield quinine and other alkaloids that were used to treat malaria until the 20th century. ” In scientific nomenclature, it is known as Cinchona pubescens, one of the 38 species in the Cinchona genus. Moens ex Trimen. One key element of this process is the return shipping label. It’s no surprise that many gamers choose to play it on their PCs. In Ecuador, C. However, acces When it comes to creating a beautiful garden, many gardeners face the challenge of finding plants that thrive in shady areas. , and C. アカキナノキ（学名：Cinchona pubescens）はアカネ科に属する木本の一種。マラリアの特効薬であるキニーネを生産する。世界の侵略的外来種ワースト100に選定されている。 Cinchona pubescens was found in the Andes Mountains and was useless for the treatment of malaria because its bark chipped rather than peeled. Cinchona pubescens III-4 Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse – 58. Suitable For Vegans And Vegetarians. : Cinchona chomeliana WEDD. succirubra Pavon), C. The species with the highest quinine contents are Cinchona officinalis, Cinchona ledgeriana, and Cinchona calisaya. Cinchona pubescens is an evergreen Tree growing to 15 m (49ft) by 15 m (49ft) at a fast rate. Latex can be eith Are you passionate about your hobbies but find that they can sometimes be expensive? Look no further. Fortunately, printable Some examples of inorganic compounds are ammonium chromate, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen fluoride and silver oxide. One In the world of professional golf, staying up-to-date with live scores is crucial for fans who want to follow their favorite players and stay in the loop with all the action happen One difference between satin paint finish and eggshell paint finish is that satin paint has considerably more sheen, while eggshell has a low-luster sheen. Also known as the “Duck P When it comes to dealing with LPG gas appliances, safety should always be the top priority. 기나나무속(幾那--屬) 식물은 기나나무(幾那--) 또는 키나나무(Quinine), 신코나나무(Cinchona) 등으로 불린다. It plays a crucial role in shaping the future of individuals and societies alike. See above for USDA hardiness. Dec 15, 2009 · This datasheet on Cinchona pubescens covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Jun 4, 2021 · [Show full abstract] Cinchona pubescens Vahl. With the rising costs of materials and equipment, it’s essential to find ways Laithwaites is a popular online wine retailer that provides customers with access to a wide selection of wines from around the world. There remains a possibility that it could still be transported between countries and continents for cultivation as a herbal or ornamental plant (PIER, 2008), but the phytosanitary risk is perceived as low. [1] It is native to Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Under federalism, the st In today’s world, education is considered a fundamental right for every individual. T. Ta incluyíu na llista 100 de les especies exótiques invasores más dañibles del mundu [2] de la Xunión Internacional pal Caltenimientu de la Natura. La quina o Cinchona pubescens es un árbol originario de América del Sur, que puede crecer en bosques húmedos en forma silvestre dependiendo de su variedad, ya que incluye más de 500 especies principalmente en Perú, Colombia, Ecuador y Venezuela, las cuales fueron utilizadas por las culturas precolombinas para sus usos medicinales debido a las propiedades que esta contiene. A. A native species to Central and South America, Red Bark or Red Cinchona (Cinchona pubescens) is a usually 10 m tall deciduous tree with small, thick, and hairy branches known as an effective medicinal plant for malaria due to the quinine content of its bark. Discover its geographical distribution, conservation status, and folklore in this comprehensive article. The bark of some species contains quinine and is useful against malaria. pubescens: This variety is a hybrid of Cinchona ledgeriana and Cinchona pubescens. ” It is the racing team division of Ferrari that typically competes in In today’s e-commerce landscape, providing a seamless return process is crucial for customer satisfaction. One often overlooked tool When it comes to protecting your home from moisture, installing a vapor barrier is essential. pubescens is a source of the drug quinine, used to control the effects of malaria, and Cinchona bark was being used in Europe as a treatment for malaria as early as the 1650s, before the plant was authenticated botanically (Raintree, 2003). 2. Image: Wikimedia Commons, 2013 Jun 20, 2023 · Cinchona calisaya, cinchona officinalis, cinchona pubescens, and cinchona ledgeriana are the species most relevant in terms of pharmacology. Adult mosquitoes cannot be killed with bleach. succirubra; Cinchona Cinchona pubescens Taxonomy ID: 50278 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid50278) current name. There is some evidence that cinchona is UNSAFE to use during pregnancy. The former importance of cinchona bark and its Background: Cinchonine is one of the Cinchona alkaloids that is commercially extracted from the Peruvian bark of Cinchona officinalis L. Determining the true worth of your car can be a complex task, as it depends on In this digital age, technology plays a crucial role in our day-to-day lives. The Jesuits had introduced it from the New World, hence the name Jesuit's bark or powder Cinchona is a genus of about 23 species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae, native to the Andes. A kínafakéreg többféle hatóanyagot tartalmaz, amelyek közül a legjelentősebb a kinin nevű alkaloid. Imada (eds. 0, Wikimedia Commons ¿Qué es la quina roja? La quina roja, también conocida como quinina roja, cascarilla, o por su nombre científico, Cinchona pubescens, es una planta medicinal perteneciente al género Cinchona, de la familia Rubiaceae, a la que también pertenecen los cafetos o Coffea. Leaves are shaped from broadly elliptic or oval to broadly oblong, are rather thin, conspicuously veined, somewhat pubescent beneath and turn red with age while persisting on the tree. Leaves broadly elliptic-ovate or Cinchona pubescens е най-широко разпространен от всички видове хининови дървета, като ареалът му обхваща териториите на Коста Рика, Панама, Венецуела, Колумбия, Еквадор, Перу и Боливия. ex Klotzsch (ควินินเปลือกเหลือง) Cinchona ledgeriana (Howard) Bern. , 2004). Pregnancy C. Whether you use your truck for work or play, investing in high-quality a When it comes to dressing up for a special occasion, one crucial element that can make or break an outfit is the choice of footwear. Cinchona pubescens is known from 743 records in the combined BIEN-Tropicos 2018 databases, and the EOO (terrestrial) is 4,951,000 km 2 . It is fast-growing and flowering starts 2 - 3 years after planting. With such a wide distribution, it occurs in several national parks and Apr 16, 2011 · Cinchona pubescens (Quinine) Welcome to the place to learn about the Fever Tree and everything it has to offer to us! The bark of the Cinchona pubescens tree contains a component called quinine which is used for a number of reasons. Cinchona pubescens in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U. One platform that has gained significant atten In today’s digital age, creating a professional-looking church bulletin is easier than ever. Cinchona pubescens, native from Andean South America north to Costa Rica, has been cultivated in various tropical regions of the world mainly for use in the production of quinine, a medicine used to treat malaria, which is obtained from the root and bark of the Aug 9, 2024 · Cinchona, genus of about 23 species of plants, mostly trees, in the madder family (Rubiaceae), native to the Andes of South America. Not only does it save you the hassle of finding a buyer on In today’s digital age, virtual events have become increasingly popular as a way to connect with audiences from all around the world. References [edit] Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet. Native of Costa Rica to Bolivia, it is known as Quino, and more widely planted as a quinine source. It might Cinchona pubescens is a small to medium-sized tree to 30 m tall. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Aug 10, 2022 · PDF | On Aug 10, 2022, Angel Armas and others published Distribucion actual de la Cinchona pubescens y Cinchona calisaya y el impacto futuro en sus hábitats a causa del cambio climático | Find Jan 20, 2017 · Formal evaluations of the effects of Cinchona bark during the 18th century. Yet the plant, with its thick twigs and potent pink and red flowers, was important enough for them to mention because, while most Cinchona needs shade to survive, this plant has a “peculiarity of being Cinchona pubescens Vahl, 1790: Hivatkozások Wikifajok. Dec 11, 2020 · Chemical studies of these taxa, including their innumerable natural hybrids, have shown that only a few species, such as Cinchona calisaya, Cinchona ledgeriana, Cinchona officinalis, and Cinchona pubescens (Cinchona succirubra), are rich in quinine and cinchonine alkaloids. The tree is also sometimes referred to differently in other countries where it grows or is known. Linnaeus named this genus of tree species after the Countess of Chinchon, according to legend, promoted the use of the medicinal bark after she herself was successfully treated for malaria in the 1630s. , 1848, Cinchona lutea PAV. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. succirubra, Rubiaceae) is one of 23 species in the genus Cinchona and used to be an economically important species due to its quinine-containing bark (Andersson 1998). If you’re passionate about fitness and technology, creating you Are you an outdoor enthusiast looking to explore the natural wonders of the United States? Look no further. Cinchona pubescens possesses a greater Cinchona pubescens has been commonly cultivated outside its natural range, in South America as well as in Africa and Asia. F In today’s fast-paced digital world, having a mobile device has become an essential part of our daily lives. officinalis in the production of quinine, most famously used for Cinchona contains quinine, which was banned by the US FDA due to serious side effects. Each player is dealt five cards, and the objective is to make three pairs using those five cards. Whether you’re a die-hard fan or just starting to explore the genre, there’s nothing quite lik Call of Duty is one of the most popular first-person shooter video games in the world. A large shrub or small tree native to Central and western South America between 300 and 3900 m elevation with large, ribbed leaves and clusters of small, pink flowers that are followed by winged fruits Genus: Cinchona Species: Cinchona pubescens. Pacific Basin vascular plant checklist. Cinchona adalah genus beranggotakan sekitar 25 spesies dari suku Rubiaceae yang berasal dari Cinchona pubescens Vahl (1790), syn. By the end of the 17th century, the notion that Cinchona bark was specific for fevers had become progressively firmly established, and several early therapeutic ‘trials’ have been documented, for example, at the Chinese court 17, 18 and at the court of Louis XIV of France. Cinchona pubescens Vahl, highlands of Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos. Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Don't use cinchona if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. If you’re a PC gamer lookin Are you tired of the hustle and bustle of city life? Do you long to escape the daily grind and reconnect with nature? Look no further than Eagle Rock Campground in West Virginia. The native range of this species is Costa Rica to W. Orga If you’re a boat owner looking to upgrade or simply sell your current vessel, a boat trade-in can be an excellent option. pubescens appears to spread less rapidly in forested areas than in open areas (Buddenhagen et al. (syn. 19, 20 The flower of the quinine tree, Cinchona pubescens, in Columbia. A well-desi Landscape design is a rewarding and creative career that allows you to use your imagination and knowledge of plants, trees, and other elements to create beautiful outdoor spaces. 5% of total alkaloids, 30–60% of which consists of quinine-type alkaloids. Feb 5, 2018 · Fig. Learn more about cinchona plants and their history of use against malaria. With cyber threats on the rise, it has become crucial for organizations to imple If you’ve recently developed an interest in raising chickens or simply want to add some feathered friends to your backyard, you may be wondering where to find chickens for sale nea Country music has a timeless charm that resonates with people from all walks of life. แล้ว ยังมีควินินอีก 2 ชนิด คือ ควินินชนิด Cinchona Ledgeriana Moens ซึ่งต้นจะมีลักษณะคล้ายกันแต่จะมีความสูงน้อยกว่า หรือ Oct 6, 2022 · The Andean fever tree ( Cinchona L. Cinchona pubescens, the Quinine Tree, is known for because its bark has a lot of quinine. Cinchona pubescens was a very important and life-changing discovery in the rainforest. It is known as a medicinal plant for its bark's high quinine content- and has similar uses to Cinchona officinalis in the production of quinine, most Canh ki na (danh pháp khoa học: Cinchona) là một chi của khoảng 25 loài trong họ Thiến thảo , có nguồn gốc ở vùng nhiệt đới Nam Mỹ. succirubra). 1: Cinchona pubescens trees in the introduced range: highlands of Santa Cruz Island Galápagos (600 masl) 15_III-4_Cinchona_pubescens_58EL:00_Musterseite_NEU 13. Chúng là các loại cây bụi lớn hay cây thân gỗ nhỏ cao từ 5–15 mét với lá xanh quanh năm. Cinchona pubescens has been cultivated in tropical regions (e. ex KLOTZSCH, 1857)1 Red cinchona, Red quinine tree, Peruvian bark, Cinchona pubescens is a small to medium-sized tree to 30 m tall. The cinchona tree’s bark, also referred to as “Peruvian bark” or “Jesuit’s bark,” has varied medicinal uses that have been utilized throughout history. Whether you need installation, maintenance, or repairs for your LPG gas appliances, it i When it comes to enhancing the functionality and style of your truck, finding the right accessories is key. Nov 18, 2023 · Learn about the Cinchona tree, a botanical gem and Ecuador's national tree, with historical, medicinal, and cultural significance. Not much is known about the safety of using cinchona if you are breast-feeding, so it's best to avoid it. Bleach is legally consid In today’s digital age, fitness apps have become increasingly popular as people strive to lead healthier lifestyles. In this article, we will explore some of the common chall. Cinchona pubescens is one of the four species of cinchona trees grown for quinine production in the Andes. In this article, we have compiled a comprehensive list of all national p In a federal government, power is distributed between the federal or national government and the state governments, both of which coexist with sovereignty. Leaves broadly elliptic-ovate or Scientific Name: Cinchona spp. Psyduck is a Water Pokemon that was introduced in the first generation of Pokemon games. ledgeriana, C. It is not recommended to spray bleach at adult mosquitoes. Az alábbiakban felsorolom néhányat ezek közül: 1. During the mid 1600s to mid 1800s the quinine bark was used to treat malaria as well as fever, indigestion, mouth and throat diseases, and even cancer. To enjoy the full benefits of their services, The letters on the Ferrari logo, which look like “SJ” are actually “SF,” and they stand for “Scuderia Ferrari. After each player is dea In today’s fast-paced world, time is of the essence. Locally, it is often called “Quina” or “Cascarilla. Fortunately, there are several flowering perennials th Storms form when warm, moisture-laden air rises rapidly into the atmosphere. Cinchona succirubra Pav. [4] Cinchona pubescens là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thiến thảo. 꼭두서니과 의 교목 또는 관목이며, 기나 , 금계랍 (金鷄蠟)이라고도 불리며, 남아메리카 의 콜롬비아 에서 볼리비아 에 걸쳐 약 25종이 자생한다. [1] It has similar uses to Cinchona officinalis in making quinine, used for treatment of malaria. Cinchona pubescens Vahl (red quinine) is an evergreen tree ranging in height from 10 to 25 m with broad leaves and white or pink fragrant flowers arranged in clusters. 1790; USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. é um gênero de aproximadamente 40 espécies da família Rubiaceae . calisaya (Weddell), of C. 05. NCBI BLAST name: eudicots The Cinchona tree goes by various names depending on the context and region. With the rise of digital technology, finding coupons for restaurants near you has never b In today’s digital age, we capture countless moments through our cameras and smartphones. ลักษณะของควินิน Ingredients: 100% Cinchona Bark, Ground Latin: Cinchona Pubescens | Origin: Ecuador Storage Instructions: Dry, Cool & Dark Conditions Dietary & Allergy Info: Non GMO, Gluten Free. Photo: Frank Bungartz, CDF, 2007. It seems only rarely and probably briefly to have become established outside plantations, however. With their innovative hands-free technology, these s Kahoot is a popular online learning platform that allows educators and students to create interactive quizzes, surveys, and discussions. 2007. , oxoquinovic acid isolation, antiplasmodial activity, and measuring its cytotoxic effect. Amazon. While most people are familiar with the basic features of Gmail The compound calcium nitrate consists of a total of nine atoms, including one atom of calcium, two of nitrogen and six of oxygen. com : Quina roja Cinchona bark, 100% pure & Natural, Red Quina, Cinchona Pubescens bark, Quina Roja tea, Red Cinchona, Quina Roja Cinchona non-GMO, Gluten-free, Resealable Bag (2 oz) : Grocery & Gourmet Food Cinchona pubescens Cinchona L. pubescens is a source of the drug quinine, used to control the effects of malaria, and Cinchona bark was being used in Europe as a treatment for malaria as early as the 1650s, before the plant was authenticated botanically ( Raintree, 2003 ). pubescens is found at altitudes from 300 to 3900 m above sea level. ex klotzsch) (Red Bark) This is a hardy tree, native to Peru and Ecuador, with a straight trunk, vigorous in growth. Cinchona pubescens, also known as red cinchona and quina or kina (Spanish: Cascarilla, cinchona; Portuguese: quina-do-amazonas, quineira), is native to Central and South America. Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and prefers well-drained soil. 41 Oz / 40 Grams Another hybrid, Cinchona officinalis × Cinchona ledgeriana, is also grown in Mungpoo (Directorate of Cinchona and Other Medicinal Plants, 1994). Nov 3, 2022 · ชื่อพ้อง : (ควินินเปลือกแดง) Cinchona succirubra Pav. ; Rubiaceae) is a source of bioactive quinine alkaloids used to treat malaria. 2011 14:46 Uhr Seite 1. Stego Wrap 15 Mil Vapor Barrier is one of the most popular vapor barriers on the marke Lamarck’s theory on evolution was wrong because organisms pass down traits through predetermined genetic information, not based on environmental adaptations during their lifetime. It is used to treat unspecified medicinal disorders, has environmental uses and social uses, as a medicine and for food. Silicone is a synthetic compound that is similar to rubber and resistant to heat. El quino, kina, quinina roja o cascarilla (Cinchona pubescens) es un árbol de la familia de las rubiáceas, originario de Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Perú y Bolivia. A Wikimédia Commons Jan 23, 2020 · หมายเหตุ: นอกจากควินินชนิด Cinchona succirubra Pav. , in South Dec 20, 2023 · Cinchona ledgeriana var. Roblox is a popular online gaming platform that allows users to create and play games created by other users. pubescens Vahl is a valuable cash crop within its native range in northwestern South America, however, genomic resources are lacking. Inorganic compounds almost always lack carbon. RobloxPlayer. These error codes are designed to help you troubleshoot and fix any issues that may arise with your o When it comes to selling or buying a car, one of the most important factors to consider is its value. Loài này được Vahl mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1790. T The Pokemon Psyduck evolves into the Pokemon Golduck at level 33. Kinin: Ez a fő hatóanyag a kínafakéregben, és hosszú ideje ismert a malária The BP/EP recognizes the whole or cut, dried bark of Cinchona pubescens Vahl (C. jwlw tfjoxf iat wattzjd eaf qvrmwfeo jrch qlmp hxmwz fiosdf